Adaptation: from coping to transformation
Originally published in Clean Slate magazine: 2019
Wildfires, drought, hurricanes, flooding — the impacts of our emissions are impossible to ignore. Tanya Hawkes looks at how plans can be made for an uncertain future.
The climate is changing. The 2018 ‘Special Report on 1.5°C’ from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that we are being forced to adapt to a certain level of climate breakdown. We can limit greenhouse gas emissions but we cannot mitigate their effects entirely.
Over the coming decades, we will increasingly be forced to adapt to levels of climate change which will be uneven, regionally unique and non-linear. National and regional adaptation plans will need to deal with a high degree of uncertainty and strengthen long-term scenario planning skills and international cooperation.
What is adaptation?
Whilst climate change mitigation aims to reduce CO2 emissions, adaptation is how we cope with and adapt to climate impacts. Different types of adaptation can be categorised as: coping (responding to events as they happen); incremental (responding to events, but also learning from them and changing approach); or transformational (making long-term changes in advance of events). For example, have you bought a fan in the last three years because of increasingly hot summers? That’s coping. Installing an air conditioning system to keep cool, would be more incremental, as a learned response to change, but might also contribute to greater emissions.
Transformation is when we create a new pathway to change. For example, when we see that business as usual methods are not working (e.g. installing a cooling system that actually adds to climate change), so long term solutions, like retrofitting homes with better insulation and passive cooling and heating systems, transforms and helps us adapt.
Towards net zero
Adaptation planning can help create a net zero carbon future with climate resilient systems. It is a way of planning for the likelihood and severity of disasters, such as flooding, heatwaves, storm surges, and identifying what and who are most vulnerable, then putting in place response measures to help recover from the impacts of climatic events.
We can build adaptive capacity into some of our methods of cutting greenhouse gas emissions, so that some adaptation measures can have the co-benefit of helping us reach net zero. For instance, reforestation in rural areas and tree planting in urban areas can help to mitigate flooding from rivers or control higher temperatures in urban areas. At the same time, it acts as carbon sequestration, contributing to getting to net zero. More localised food production results in shorter supply chains, which are more resilient to climate change impacts, whilst clocking up fewer food miles and thereby contributing towards our carbon reduction target.
A just transition
Climate justice requires a multi-level approach to adaptation.
The expectation from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is that states will develop their own adaptation plans based around their unique vulnerabilities to climate change.
The Flexible Workplan of the Adaptation Committee 2019–2021 is the framework for helping countries to develop their own solutions, using data systems for planning and implementing action. Adaptation research often discusses the importance of ‘regional determinants’ and gathering the unique knowledge of a certain area to create appropriate plans. For example, an area prone to flash floods might focus on green infrastructure (see below), or an area prone to drought might invest time in transboundary treaties with neighbouring states to share resources. Many areas will need a mixture of such strategies.
Whilst it makes sense that there is an emphasis on regions to develop adaptation plans at community and municipal levels in response to their own unique circumstances, regulatory and financial frameworks from higher levels of government are essential to reduce the risk to vulnerable areas and people. Shared support from national and international communities will be essential so poorer areas don’t shoulder the burden of climate breakdown effects that they aren’t responsible for.
Citizen participation
Until recently much climate change adaptation research was top-down. Now many areas are developing participatory methods alongside centralised planning to incorporate the knowledge and experience of local citizens and stakeholders. Inclusive governance structures and the strengthened role of civil society are helping to produce effective adaptation plans based on local knowledge, with NGOs in the global south providing and developing expertise that could be applicable elsewhere.
Sharing knowledge may be key to resilience. Communities already vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as the Caribbean Small Island States, the megacity of Dhaka and other places that are already predisposed to periodic drought, flooding and crop failure, are finding ways to gather data and plan adaptation to extreme weather events that suit their local areas and maximise democracy.
This democratic, participative and inclusive approach could be part of the solution to addressing some of the inequalities created or exacerbated by the impacts of climate change.
Risks, opportunities, and management: adaptation in the UK
The UK’s Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), under the overall framework of the Climate Change Act 2007 and their National Adaptation Programme, produces the current guide to ‘making the country resilient to a changing climate’.
Some of the particular vulnerabilities and risks facing the UK include: a long coastline, some of which is at risk, even now, to rising sea levels; an agricultural industry that will require significant changes in terms of its land use; and a historical reliance on high emissions for our economic growth, including large amounts of investment in fossil fuels from the City of London. We can expect greater coastal erosion, warmer winters, more frequent and severe summer heatwaves, and more severe and unexpected flooding.
The significant challenges that climate change represents to our future economy arguably receive too little attention from the UK government.
Across the world, many areas are already developing the tools to adapt to climate change, some with informal settlement change and some with more formal strategies. CAT MSc student Tanya Hawkes reports…
Multi-Criteria Analysis: Dhaka
In Dhaka, capital of Bangladesh, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) is promoted as a method to prioritise vulnerable areas from flooding. The framework of MCA is designed to involve more stakeholders to try to strengthen the existing government adaptation plans. This more integrated assessment may help counter problems such as water ponds and other flood management tools being shelved to make way for greater urban development. The short term socioeconomic issues are often prioritised over tackling longer term climate change risks, and the MCA method hopes to reverse this situation.
Tarea Vida: Cuba
Tarea Vida (‘Project Life’) is part of a 100-year adaptation plan adopted in 2018 by Cuba’s Council of Ministers. No new build on low-level coastal areas, planned relocation of populations from affected areas, a rethink of the country’s current agricultural practices, and restoration of damaged habitats are some of the key goals. Cuba has a unique governmental system that prioritises health and education and state intervention, which might be a key component in their ability to plan adaptation.
Local democracy and participation: Kenya and Nicaragua
Urban Participatory Climate Change Adaptation Appraisals (UPCCAA) in Mombasa, Kenya and Estelí, Nicaragua are using the stories and evidence of local people to analyse how and where climate effects are worsening.
Involving groups that are usually marginalised from local and national decision-making is part of this participative process. For instance, Climate Defence Programmes that prioritise feedback from women who are responsible for the day-to-day management of water and food provide access to valuable local ecological knowledge and identification of potential risks through the gathering of these experiences.
Visioning and futuring: British Columbia and the Philippines
In British Columbia, Canada, a process called the Local Climate Change Visioning Project enables local stakeholders to visualise different future high to low carbon scenarios, plus the associated risks and benefits, as the beginning of local climate change mitigation and adaptation plans.
Participatory video making in the Philippines is bridging a gap between the traditionally voiceless youth and decision makers, in an experimental method. Youth as a previously marginalised group are helping to build resilience to climate change in their local areas.
About the author
Tanya researches climate adaptation solutions within a social justice framework. She has a postgraduate diploma in Environmental Policy and studies MSc Sustainability and Adaptation at CAT. She is a contributor to ‘Low Carbon Living 2050’, Palgrave Macmillan, and ‘Zero Carbon Britain: Rising to the Climate Emergency‘.
